First Cosmos Declaration, Amendment

In regard to the First Cosmos Declaration, which focused on Willem de Sitter and the cosmos, there is room for a belated amendment. Much generally falls in line with what de Sitter worked out on the geometry of the cosmos.

Overlooked is the morphology factor. Important. The curvature of the universe is found to be negative, as was earlier worked out by Alexander A. Friedmann  published in 1922 and especially 1924. Friedmann made a case for open cosmos. He also wrote to Einstein, "it will follow from the world equations derived by you that the radius of curvature of the world is a quantity independent of time." Friedmann did favor using the calculations of De Sitter more than Einstein. De Sitter and Einstein are portrayed as believing in a positive curvature at the time they worked with early cosmos models which was in the early 1920's.

 

There was a breakaway from Einstein's approach with Euclidean geometry. Additionally utilized is the Ricci scalar and tensor which measure whether the curvature of the universe will converge or diverge. The latter was found to be applicable in general relativity models, which would allow for an open universe.

Friedmann insisted also that the depth of the universe should be queried and disclosed for completion. He examined whether the universe should be portrayed as finite or infinite. He determined a straight line cannot be represented in a finite universe but would best fit in an open, or infinite one.

Query: Cosmos morphology

Let's see: Our cosmos has black holes, neutron stars and such that have such a gravity pull that they can swallow anything including light. So strong and inevitable is their nature. Yet, there is "weak" Dark Energy which does the impossible opposite, expands the cosmos and may do so undeniably for trillions of years. Both are in our universe but pull strongly in opposite directions. So, which one really is stronger or prevailing of the two?

Hint:" It follows that the vacuum, since it possesses significant density, generates a repulsion so great as to be stronger than the gravitation of matter on the whole throughout the Universe. Under these circumstances, cosmological expansion should go on without restriction in terms of time."

"However, if the velocities are great enough at the start, it is going to be, rather than a case of a ball, the case of a rocket attaining escape velocity. The sphere will expand forever, its particles are going to overcome gravitation, so that their flying apart will never give way to moving back to the center, or contraction."

So the question is whether the universe, from beginning to the far future or end, operates as a vacuum? Was the vacuum present at the inception, or if not how did it come into existence?

Some of the above quotes also are contingent with a de Sitter Universe and expansion.